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مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

 

مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر

 

                تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔

                اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)

                مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...

ألوان البدیع في سورة النجم

Arabic rhetorical sciences are: ‘Ilma al-Maani’ “the study of mening” ‘Ilma al-bayyan’ “the study of elucidation” and ‘Ilam al-Badi’ “the study of wondrous. This article describes two important phenomenon of Ilmi al-Badi known as ‘arravai al-lafzia’ “beauty of words” and ‘arravai al-manaviya’ “beauty of meaning” in Surah al Najam of the Holy Quran. Both these phenomenon are effectives rhetoric devices used in literature to eloquently convey the indent of words and meaning in this chapter. It is important to pondor more carefully about these phenomenon ، in order to uncover even more of the fascinating secret and beauties contained in God’s words and to enable man to imbibe from the limitless oceans of God’s knowledge to the extent of his own capacity.

Robust Medical Image Segmentation for Accurate Computer Aided Diagnosis

Image processing is being successfully applied in many areas medical research such as computer aided diagnosis, tumor imaging and treatment, angiography, and carotid artery plaque detection. For medical image analysis, segmentation is an intermediate step to segregate region of interest from the background. The ultimate goal of segmentation is to identify the part of the data array that makes up an object in the real world. Many imaging modalities are in practice for disease diagnosis. Among those, owing to noninvasive nature, ultrasound imaging provides an invaluable tool for disease diagnosis. Major limitations faced by ultrasound imaging modality include low quality, inherent noise, and wave interferences. Consequently, a substantial effort from radiologists is required to extract constructive information about a particular disease. In this regard, an efficient and accurate computer aided diagnostic system for ultrasound images is highly desirable for disease (plaque) diagnosis. Carotid arteries are vital arteries that supply oxygen rich blood to the brain. Carotid artery stenosis is the process of narrowing the carotid artery due to the presence of atherosclerosis. The plaque may partially or fully block the blood flow to the brain and the probability of cerebrovascular stroke becomes high. Ultrasound imaging is used for detection of plaque in carotid artery. Due to lower quality and other degradations, segmentation of carotid arteries ultrasound images becomes a challenging task. In this thesis, several segmentation techniques are proposed, which successfully segment the carotid artery ultrasound images. Firstly, we have proposed spatial fuzzy c-means modified (sFCMM) clustering technique and also investigated effectiveness of ensemble clustering. The proposed sFCMM technique assigns weight to each pixel in a sub-window according to the pixel’s contribution. The proposed scheme required image pre-processing for noise reduction and hence segmentation has been performed on filtered image. In another approach, we propose information gain based fuzzy c-means clustering (IGFCM) algorithm that avoids the preprocessing step and still yields better results compared to sFCMM technique. The IGFCM approach exploits the concept of information gain to automatically update the xvii fuzzy membership function and cluster centeriods. However, from IGFCM segmented images, it has been observed that some of the pixels of arterial walls are mislabeled by IGFCM. In order to overcome this problem, a semi-supervised clustering approach named robust segmentation and classification of ultrasound images (RSC-US) has been proposed to segment carotid artery ultrasound images. The RSC-US approach is composed of three phases. In the first phase, the fuzzy inference system (FIS) is generated. In second phase, carotid artery ultrasound images are segmented based on the generated FIS. Finally, a decision making system has been designed to segregate the segmented images into normal or abnormal subjects. The RSC-US approach did not utilize the spatial information of pixel’s which plays a vital role in segmentation. Consequently, the spatial information has also been explored and a new approach named robust fuzzy radial basis function networks (RFRBFN) has been proposed to segment carotid artery ultrasound images. The RFRBFN segments the carotid artery ultrasound images with high precision. Due to the Lagrange function and a smoothing parameter, the RFRBFN might be computationally expensive. Finally, an automatic active contour based segmentation technique for carotid artery ultrasound images is proposed. This technique can successfully segment natural scene as well as medical images.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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