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تانیثیت،جنسیت،حقیقت نگاری

تانیثیت
تانیثیت کا تعلق براہِ راست عورت اور اس کے حقوق سے ہے۔تانیثی تحریک کا بنیادی مقصد عورتوں کو مردوں کے برابرسیاسی ، سماجی ، معاشرتی، معاشی اور قانونی برابری دینا۔ تانیثی تحریک عورتوں کے لیے انصاف کی طالب ہے ، معاشرے میں رائج مختلف امتیازات کے خاتمے کا اعلان کرتی ہے۔اردو افسانے میں نمائندہ خواتین افسانہ نگاروں کے ہاں تانیثی ر جحان دیکھنے کو ملتا ہے۔ جہاں عورتیں سماجی، معاشی ، سیاسی، معاشرتی اور علاقائی مسائل پر قلم اٹھا رہی ہیں اس کے ساتھ ساتھ عورتوں کے ساتھ پیش آنے والے مسائل کو بھی قلم بند کر رہی ہیں۔اس ضمن میں غور کریں تو ذکیہ مشہدی ایک معتبر نام ہے۔ انہوں نے عورتوں کی زندگی کو بڑی فنکاری سے پیش کیا۔ان کو افسانہ’’تھکے پاؤں‘‘اور’’حصار‘‘تانیثی پہلو سے ان کے بہترین افسانے ہیں۔نسائی زندگی کو بیان کرنے والی ایک اور اہم افسانہ نگار ترنم ریاض بھی ہیں۔ترنم ریاض کی عورت مشرقی تہذیب کی نمائندگی بھی کرتی ہے اور بغاوت کا جذبہ بھی رکھتی ہے۔ ان کا افسانہ’’ ہم تو ڈوبے صنم‘‘ اسی قسم کا افسانہ ہے۔ ا س کے علاوہ نگار عظیم،شائستہ فخری،غزالہ ضیغم اور دیگر افسانہ نگاروں نے عورتوں کے حوالے سے اپنے خیال کو جس طرح تخلیق کی شکل میں ابھارا ہے اس میں ہندوستانی عورت کے تمام حالات اجاگر ہوتے ہیں۔
جنسیت
انگارے کے مصنفین نے پہلی بار سماجی مسائل کو مغربی زاویۂ نگاہ سے دیکھا۔انہوں نے ادب اور سماج کے بندھے ٹکے اصول واقدار سے انحراف کرتے ہوئے جنسی بھوک،ذہنی پریشانیوں نفسیاتی الجھنوں کو شعورکے پردے میں اجاگر کیا۔انہوں نے سماجی لبادہ اوڑھے چہروں کو بے نقاب کیا اور ان کی گھناؤنی ذہنیت کو اپنے افسانوں میں پیش کیا ہے۔اس سلسلے میں سجاد ظہیر کا افسانہ ’’دالری‘‘ اور احمد علی کا افسانہ’’بادل نہیں آتے‘‘ پیش کیے جا سکتے ہیں۔ رشید جہاں اردو کی...

مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

Epidemiology and Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Peanut Arachis Hypogaea L. in Punjab

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of peanut caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton and Cercospora arachidicola Hori is the most important disease in Pakistan. It frequently inflicts colossal yield losses of more than 50% on unsprayed peanuts. CLS of peanut is a potential threat in early monsoon areas of Pothowar region. Keeping in view the economic importance of this disease, the current studies emphasized upon Infection percentage and distribution of the disease in Punjab, influence of weather variables on CLS epidemic on peanut genotypes and management strategies to mitigate the losses caused by the disease. Disease Infection percentage was greater in high rainfall zones of district Attock 87.17 -94.2% and Rawalpindi 74.00 to 82.25%. Early summer rains in low rainfall zones resulted in higher disease Infection percentage (71.62%) when these coincided with early sown crop. Studies on pathogen-environment interaction indicated that higher amount of rainfall, rainfall events and relative humidity in Rawalpindi zone favoured CLS Infection percentage while in Talagang zone these weather variables were less conducive for the disease development. Determination of pathogen species shows Cercosporidum personatum is more significant then Cercospora arachidicola in rainfed regions of Punjab. Cercosporidum personatum isolates have variation for AUDPC, epidemic rate, final severity and sporulation under different environments. Isolates of Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidum personatum from Hafizabad in general are more aggressive then isolates from other locations. The variation observed indicates some physiological strains of CLS may be present in the peanut ecosystem. xviInfluence of weather variables on CLS epidemic revealed that monsoon rains making humid thermal ratios (HTR) quite favourable for disease development resulted in significantly higher infection percentage on all genotypes. It was suggested that six fortnight periods from last week of June to mid of September are most critical for the crop as HTR values are likely to remain the most suitable for significant increase in CLS Infection percentage. The model based on days with HTR>3.1 gave a good fit to the data In this model, the onset point of the epidemic was reached 3.5 days with HTR>3.1. Cercospora leaf spot incidence in Chakwal varies from year to year due to environmental conditions. In our model HTR explains most of the observed variation in peanut leaf spot epidemics. HTR>3.1 was best humidity and temperature based weather variable describing peanut leaf spot epidemics. Generally higher disease scores were recorded at late crop growth stages. Peanut genotypes evaluated against CLS under different ecological conditions exhibited variable reaction at different locations and periods depending upon fluctuations of environments. More than 80% germplasm available in the country was Virginia type and late maturing. The germplasm, 20-70% fell under moderately resistant group at flowering stages while at pod development stage 50-80% germplasm became susceptible to CLS. Valencia type plants had lower spots per leaf, sporulation values and reaction indices of spots per leaf X sporulation, spots per leaf X diseased area per leaf and defoliation X spots per leaf, than Virginia and Spanish botanical type plants. Reaction indices of spots per leaf X sporulation can be used for CLS resistance determination for Virginia, Valencia and Spanish botanical peanut types. Crop rotation with non host crops delayed CLS initiation for xvii25-34 and 89-108 days in residual and fallow plots, respectively. 46- 90% variation in peanut yield (Kg/ha) was described by days to disease initiation influenced by change in date of sowing. CLS mitigation by Carbendazim, Benomyl, Mancozeb, Thiophanatemethyl and Mancozeb + Benomyl fungicides significantly reduced CLS Infection percentage at final assessment stage. Peanut genotype BARD-699 was better responsive under protective disease conditions with higher yields than Accession No. 334.
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