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8 تلاشی کوٹ دی

تلاشی کوٹ دی

 

                چاچا اﷲ دتہ نے اپنے ہرے رنگ دے کوٹ دا اپر والا بٹن بند کردے آکھیا ’’انور پتر! شام نوں بازار توں پرتدے ہویاں میرے لئی دلیے دا اک ڈبہ تے لے آویں‘‘ ایہہ کہہ کے اوہناں دو پرانے دس دس والے نوٹ میرے ول وادھائے ’’چاچا! ایس دی کیہہ لوڑ اے؟ میں لے آواں گا‘‘ میں رسماً آکھیا۔

                ’’او نئیں پتر! میرے کول نہ ہوون تاں ہورگل اے‘‘ میں چاچے کولوں پیسے پھڑے تے بازار ٹرگیا، چاچا اﷲ دتہ ساڈے پنڈدے بزرگاں وچوں سن۔ ساڈے گھر توں اوہ تن گھر چھڈ اک کلی ورگے گھر وچ رہندے سن جس دا صرف اک ای کمرہ سی۔ بچے ہے نئیں سن تے گھر والی کدوں دی اﷲ کول ٹرگئی ہوئی سی۔ عمر وچ اوہ سٹھ دے لگ بھگ ہوون گے۔ جدوں وی اوہناں نوں کوئی بازار دا کم ہوندا تاں اوہ کسے وی بازار جارہے ہوندے بندے نوں آکھ دیندے۔ ہر بندہ ہس کے اوہناں دا کم کردا سی۔ اج مینوں بازار جاندے ویکھ کے اوہناں مینوں اپنے کم دا آکھ دتا۔ میں شامیں دلیا اوہناں نوں لیا کے دے دتا۔ چاچا اﷲ دتہ نوں سارے پنڈ والے وڈے چھوٹے چاچا ای آکھدے سن۔ اوہناں دی شخصیت بہت گنبھل دار سی تے اوہناں دا ہرے رنگ دا کوٹ جس نوں اوہ ہر ویلے پائی رکھدے اوہناں دی شخصیت نوں ہور گھنجل دار بنا دیندا سی۔ کوٹ اتے دو چوڑیاں لکیراں سن گرمی ہووے بھانویں سردی کوٹ ہر ویلے اوہناں دے جثے اتے رہندا۔ مینوں یاد نئیں کہ میں کدے اوہناں نوں بغیر کوٹ دے ویکھیا ہووے۔ چاچا نوں کئی لوک مذاق وچ کہہ دیندے سن ’’بھئی ایس کوٹ اند رکیہڑا خزانہ اے جو ایس نوں ہر ویلے پائی پھر دا ایں‘‘...

Pakistan’s Stance on the ‘War on Terror: Challenging the Western Narrative

The tragic events of 11 September 2001 allowed the United States to reframe its pursuit of global hegemony as ‘War on Terror’ which is styled on Islamophobic rhetoric and action. To counter this campaign of Islamophobia, Pakistan has adopted a consistent and well-planned stance. The essential contours of Pakistan’s stance on the ‘War on Terror’ are the need to: condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations; defend Islam and Muslims; support the right of self-determination of oppressed people particularly, Palestinians and Kashmiris; respect international law; address the root causes of terrorism; and promote peace and harmony among cultures, civilizations and followers of diverse religions all over the world through promotion of a robust dialogue and  criminalization of  defamation of religions.

Phytochemical, Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Investigations of Tylophora Wall and Onosma Griffthii Vatke

Northern regions of Pakistan are rich with medicinal plants that are yet to be explored on scientific grounds. Medicinal plants play vital role in a country’s economy; especially for a country like Pakistan, where people are very poor and the use of traditional medicine is yet to flourish. World Health Organization is giving more emphasis on promoting traditional medicine, particularly, in the Third World Countries. More than 8,000 plant species in South Asia have medicinal values; out of which 2000 medicinal plants exists in Pakistan. Global market of the medicinal plants is estimated over US$ 60.0 billion that is expected to grow upto the US$ 5.0 trillion by the year 2050. In Pakistan, bill on the import of medicinal plants was worth of US$ 31.0 million, where the export of medicinal plants could hardly reached US$ 6.0 million. In the world, thirty percent of the pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured from plants. Keeping in view the potential of the global and local market, we conducted our current research work entitled “phytochemical, pharmacognostic and pharmacological investigations of Tylophora hirsuta (Wall) and Onosma griffithii (Vatke)”. The present Ph.D thesis comprises of two parts, part A and part B. The part A describes extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of isolated compounds. Pharmacological and biological activities of crude extract, different fractions thereof and some compounds isolated from Tylophora hirsuta have been investigated. In addition, the plant was also subjected to pharmacognostic screening that describes the anatomical study of the aerial parts and its powder drug. Four compounds were isolated from fractions of crude methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Tylophora hirsuta. α-amyrin acetate (1), stigmasterol (2) and heptaeicosanol (4) were isolated for the first time from the plant. β- sitosterol (3), a previously reported compound from the same plant was also isolated. Crude methanolic extract, its fractions and major compound (1) were investigated for various pharmacological activities including spasmolytic, spasmogenic, calcium channel blocking and cardiovascular activities. In addition, certain biological investigations were also carried out including antileishmanial, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition assays. The plant produced good spasmogenic, spasmolytic and calcium channel blocking activity. The major compound (1) also displayed significant spasmolytic activity at concentration of 53.1 x 10 -5 - 243 x 10 -5 M. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has good antileishmanial, and moderate insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, no significant enzyme inhibition assay was displayed by the major compound (1). Anatomical study of stem portion showed a typical dicotyledonous stem with well organized vascular bundle and trichomes on the outer surface. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with presence of trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch cells and other structures. Part B describes the phytochemistry of compounds 5, 6 and 7 that have been isolated for the first time from the Onosma griffithii. The preliminary phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenes in Onosma griffithii. The anatomical study of the leaf reveals the presence of oil sacs in the lamina. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with strong trichomes, stoma surrounded by guard cells for the transport of gases and water, epidermis and other structures. Crude methanolic extract was investigated for different pharmacological activities like spasmogenic, spasmolytic and effects on cardiovascular system. Crude methanolic extract and its different fractions were investigated for certain biological activities including antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. The plant was found to possess excellent spasmolytic and antihypertensive activity that confirmed its traditional use as antihypertensive. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has significant antileishmanial and moderate antifungal activity. Our current work will help the researchers for further work to standardize the extract(s) and look for activity guided isolation of the pharmacologically / biologically active compounds.
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