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ڈینگی ایک چیلنج

ڈینگی ایک چیلنج
نحمدہ وَ نُصَلِّیْ علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
صدرِذی وقار معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کی سعادت حاصل کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’ڈینگی ایک چیلنج،،
جنابِ صدر!
آج کل پورے پاکستان میں جس بیماری نے پاکستانیوں کے اعصاب کو مضمحل کر رکھا ہے وہ ڈینگی ہے اور ڈینگی بخار ہی کی ایک قسم ہے، چھوٹے، بڑے، امیر ،غریب ، کالے، گورے سب اس سے خوفزدہ ہیں ، سب اس سے فرار کا رستہ اختیار کرنے کے متمنی ہیں، اس کے نام سے ہی رونگٹے کھڑے ہوجاتے ہیں۔
صد رِمحترم!
فرمان ِباری تعالیٰ ہے ’’کہ ایّا م لوگوں کے درمیان ایک جیسے نہیں رہتے، بدلتے رہتے ہیں۔ ‘‘ وقت کا دھارا گزر جاتا ہے۔ خزاں کے ختم ہوتے ہی بادِ بہاری کو اٹھکیلیاں سوجھنا شروع ہو جاتی ہیں۔ مردہ پتے گرنے لگتے ہیں، اورنئے شگو فے کھلنا شروع ہو جاتے ہیں،چمنستانِ ہستی میں بہار آ جاتی ہے، ستاروں کی گردش، اور زمین کی حرکت ارضی اور سماوی تبدیلیوں کی نشاندہی کرتی ہے۔
اے ہم نشیں ! کلام میرا لا کلام ہے
سُن! زندگی تغیّرِ پیہم کا نام ہے
صدرِذی وقار!
انسان پر بھی حالات ایک جیسے نہیں رہتے،کبھی مسرت و شادمانی کی کیفیت ہوتی ہے، کبھی غم اور اندوہ ساتھ نبھانے کا تہیہ کر لیتے ہیں، کبھی امارات کے بادل سایہ فگن ہو جاتے ہیں، کبھی غربت و افلاس کی چکی میں پسنا مقدر بن جاتاہے۔ کبھی بیماری کا بھیانک چہرا جیسے ڈینگی کی صورت میں سامنے آتا ہے دیکھنا پڑتا ہے اورکبھی تندرستی اور صحت کی نوید جانفرا سنائی دینا شروع کر دیتی ہے۔
جنابِ صدر!
انسان اشرف مخلوقات پیدا فرمایا گیا ہے۔ اس کونشیب و فراز سے واسطہ...

Experiences and Perceptions of Special School Personnel Regarding Inclusive Education: A Qualitative Study

The present study explored the experiences and perceptions of psychologists with regards to the benefits of inclusive education for special needs children. The phenomenological approach was used, and data was collected from four psychologists in the form of semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The following themes emerged in favor of inclusive education: (i) Providing Support to Special Need Students; (ii) Requiring Qualifications and Experienced Teachers; (iii) Offering Training to School Staff; (iv) Identifying Barriers that Interfere with Inclusion: Stigma and Integration; and (v) The Positive Effects of Inclusive Education: Empathy, Social Skills, and Academic Achievement. The importance of training teachers and staff in inclusive education was also highlighted. The present study indicates that awareness programs are required to remove the social stigma against children with special needs in advancing inclusive education in Pakistan.

Assessment of Various Microbial Inocula for Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Soil

More than 90% of Pakistani soils are phosphorus deficient (contain < 10 mg kg–1 bio–available P), even though total P in these soils varies from 175–1300 mg kg–1. Moreover, phosphates from P fertilizers soon after their application are fixed with calcium in calcareous soils. Certain bacteria as well as fungi have the potential to solubilize / release the native fixed inorganic soil P. Phosphorus solubilization by the microorganism is very important aspect in the scenario when world’s rock phosphate resource (raw material for phosphatic fertilizers) is depleting and limiting its use in fertilizer industry due to its competitiveness day by day with other industries, viz., metallurgy, explosives, ceramics, water treatment, fungicides, food preservatives, cosmetics, anti corrosion agents etc. Soil sampling on the basis of calcareousness was carried out. Two soils series, viz., Kahuta (non calcareous) and Balkasar (calcareous) were selected for the purpose of research. Experiments under incubation and greenhouse (with maize crop) environment were performed simultaneously under different doses of applied P fertilizer, viz., 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 mg kg–1 of soil to study the P dynamics. The treatments were incubated at 25 °C for 90 days under incubation experiment while maize crop was sown in case of greenhouse experiment. Soil samples were taken at 30 days interval from both experiments and were analyzed for different P forms through sequential P fractionation scheme. Pattern of P fractions as affected by different P doses was studied. It was noticed that all P fractions except Olsen–P and Ca2–P were increased with the application of P fertilizer with passage of time. This increase was greater for higher P doses. The xvi increase was more in Ca– and Al– bound P forms in case of Balkasar soil series if compared with Kahuta soil. The Fe–P increase was higher in case of non calcareous Kahuta soil than in Balkasar soil series. The Ca2–P and Olsen–P was higher at 30 days which decreased with the passage of time. Increase in P fractions was more pronounced in incubation than greenhouse experiment. Plant P uptake was also influenced positively with the addition of each successive P dose till 450 mg kg–1 but remained unaffected at higher P doses. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria / fungi (PSB/PSF) were isolated from the aforesaid soil series. These phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) were identified through biochemical and molecular techniques and were tested for phosphorus solubilization index (PSI), pH drop, P solubilization in broth culture. The results indicated that the PSM isolated from calcareous soil were more efficient in their potential to solubilize phosphorus. The PSM isolated and identified in the previous study were further tested for their potential to transfigure the P forms in calcareous and non calcareous soils in incubation followed by greenhouse study. The results showed that Aspergillus niger among PSF and Burkholderia cepacia among PSB performed better in transforming the soil P fractions. The impact was more conspicuous in calcareous soil. The PSM although could also solubilizes the Al– and Fe– bound P but their effect on Ca– bound P fractions was more prominent. The P fractions including Ca8–P, Fe–P, Ca10–P and Al–P decreased with inoculation of PSM in comparison with control under maize crop. Olsen–P and Ca2–P increased with the inoculation, while occluded–P remained unaffected with the addition of PSM. Furthermore, impact of PSF on soil P forms and plant available P was more prominent than their PSB counterparts.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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