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میر مرتضیٰ بھٹو

میر مرتضی بھٹو

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کا بیٹا 18ستمبر1954کو کراچی میں پیدا ہو ا۔ابتدائی تعلیم کراچی سے حاصل کی ۔بیچلر ڈگر ی ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے اور ماسٹر ڈگری آکسفورڈ سے حاصل کی ۔1977ء میں اپنے والد کی رہائی کے لیے تاریخی مہم چلائی اور دنیا کے اہم ترین رہنمائوں سے ملاقات کی ۔

1993میں پاکستان واپس آتے ہی گرفتار ہو گئے ۔بعد میں ضمانت پررہا ہو گئے ۔ 1993میں لاڑکانہ سے سندھ اسمبلی کے ممبر منتخب ہوئے اور پیپلز پارٹی شہید بھٹو گروپ کی بنیاد رکھی۔20ستمبر 1996ء کو کراچی پولیس فائرنگ سے اپنے ساتھیوں سمیت ہلاک ہو گئے ۔

 

سیکولرازم اور مسلم معاشرے میں اس کا ارتقاء: تحقیقی مطالعہ

The concept of Secularism came to the Muslim world after Renaissance. Historically, the initial thoughts on the subject are found in the teachings of Greek Philosophers like Epicurus and Zeno. It was at first a discussion regarding the separation of religion and the state, the scientific advancements and the regime system in Modern Europe. Religion was considered as an obstacle by the West in their progress on the basis of reason and inquiry. Adaptation of secular approach helped the western countries to flourish in material fields. In Islamic world, secularism was not seen as a threat for religion before the twentieth century. Under colonization of many Muslim countries and particularly after the demise of Ottoman Empire which paved way to abolish Caliphate, the Muslim states adopted various western secular laws. Moreover, the Muslim countries went under heavy debts taken from European countries. They relied on foreign advisors and western education system for progress. The concept regarding the authority of Caliph changed. During the twentieth century, Muslim countries suffered politically and their geographical frontiers were changed. It created a kind of revolution in Muslim states. Revival of religious authority in modern political Muslim states is visible in central eastern countries during the last fifty years.

A Comparative Analysis of Public Relations Models and Roles Adaptation Patterns Among Practitioners in Public and Private Sector: A Case of Pakistan

In this study, the landscape of public relations has been explored in terms of craft and professional practices in Pakistan. The theoretical lenses of models and roles are applied to reflect a comparative picture of the profession in public and private sector organizations. The professional structure and competence of public relations departments is examined by observing their relationship with the top management, their contribution to different functions including strategic planning and decision-making, their prestige within dominant coalition, their involvement with the activist groups and their expertise level and usage patterns of models and roles. This study is quantitative in method and survey instrument has been adopted. The data are collected from highest ranks public relations practitioners heading public relations departments in public and private sector organizations in Pakistan. The results of this study specified that PR professionals in Pakistan consume all four western models while performing their professional tasks. Press agentry model is the first choice of the PR professional while two-way symmetrical model is least consumed by PR professionals in Pakistan. Comparatively, one-way models are more practiced in public sector and two-way model are most practice in private sector. Media relation role is mostly employed and technician role is least employed by practitioners in Pakistan. Manager role is more adopted by private sector practitioners as compare to public sector practitioners in Pakistan. Technician role is more employed by public sector practitioners as compare to private sector practitioners in Pakistan. Interesting findings of this study was that private sector organizations in Pakistan give more importance and prestige to public relations function as compare to public sector organizations. PR departments in Pakistan are employing all four models to deal with the activist pressure as per their needs, requirements and expertise in each model usage. Two-way symmetrical model with medium effect rate is the most useful against involving activist groups.
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