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ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمدکی نقد نگاری

ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کی نقد نگاری
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد بنیادی طور پر ایک محقق اورتذکرہ نگار ہیں مذکورہ ہر دوجہات نے اُن کے تنقیدی سرمائے کو پس پشت ڈال دیا ہے ۔ دوسرا وہ خود بھی تدوین کی مصروفیات کے باعث عملی تنقید کی طرف توجہ نہ کرسکے۔ اُن کی تحریروں میں اُن کے تنقیدی تبصرے بکھرے ہوئے حالات میں ملتے ہیں۔ اگر وہ ذرا سی توجہ کرتے تو یقینا ایک جداگانہ مقام پر فائز ہوتے ۔
لاکھوں سلام میںتنقیدی نقوش
اُن کی تنقید کے ابتدائی نمونے اُن کے اولین تذکرے ’’لاکھوں سلام ‘‘ میں موجود ہیں۔ اس کتاب میں امام احمد رضا بریلوی کے سلام پر دس شعرا کی تضمینات جمع کی گئی ہیں اور شعراکا تعارف دیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے آغاز میں ہر شاعر کی نعتیہ شاعری اور شعری مجموعے پر ڈاکٹر شہزاداحمد نے اپنی تنقیدی آرا پیش کی ہیں جو لائق التفات ہیں،ان میں انھوں نے جن نکات کو اُجاگر کیا ہے۔ وہ درج ذیل ہیں:
۱۔ انتخاب الفاظ اور بندش کی کیفیت ۲۔ مضامین کا انداز اور تنوع
۳۔ جذبہ کی شدت کابیان ۴۔ کلام کی اثر آفرینی
۵۔ آداب نعت کی پاسداری ۶۔ موضوع اور اسلوب بیان
۷۔ مطالعہ سیرت کی ضرورت
مذکورہ خصوصیات میں سے زیادہ کا تعلق خالص شاعر ی سے ہے لیکن ساتھ ہی ایسے اصولوں کا ذکر ہے جو نعت کے ساتھ خاص ہیں۔ یہاں سے نعتیہ شاعری کے بارے میں ڈاکٹر صاحب کے جو اصول سامنے آئے ہیں، اُن میں پہلا یہ ہے کہ وہ نعت جیسے پاکیزہ موضوع کے لیے محتاط الفاظ اور سنجیدہ اسلوب اختیار کرنے کے قائل ہیں۔ وہ گورنر اُتر پردیش محمد عثمان عارف نقش بندی کے کلام پر رائے دیتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں:
’’میں نے اپنے گرامی قدر استاد حضرت اخترالحامدی کے بارے میں عرض کیا ہے کہ نعت گوئی علم...

دلالة النص على مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية في الدساتير العربية وأثره في تنظيم مبدأ المساواة بين المواطنين

This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".

Gli3 Gene: Cis-Regulatory Control

Background: Background: Early embryonic development and growth is governed by intricate cell signaling mechanisms. Hierarchy of a typical metazoan cell signaling cascade includes, the extra-cellular signaling molecules and cell surface receptors interaction, transmission of signals from cellular surface receptors to inside the nucleus, the conclusive outcome of molecular signals through changes in expression pattern of target gene bodies. The GLI gene family of transcriptional factor (GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3) is important mediator of one such evolutionary conserved pathway, the sonic hedgehog (shh) cascade. Previously the GLI gene family members have been intensely investigated through, molecular, genetic and biochemical means. Therefore, a great deal of understanding exists, regarding their cellular localization, interacting partners, response of GLIs to Shh signal, and a subset of their target genes. Furthermore, developmental and disease relevant roles of GLI gene family members have been explored extensively. However, despite of all these important advancements in genetic, molecular, development and disease relevant aspects of GLI family members, little is known as for as their cis-regulatory expression control is concerned. Human GLI3 is known to be an indispensable primary signaling transducer of Sonic hedgehog (Shh). GLI3 is known to contribute in the development of multiple organs, including limbs and the central nervous system (CNS). Previous attempts, employing computational approaches in conjunction with in vitro and in vivo assays have identified a subset of cis-regulators for this developmentally important gene. Present study is an effort to decipher further cis-regulatory elements of human GLI3. Furthermore, this investigation exploits the availability of in vivo functionally confirmed enhancers to elucidate the genomic features of human limb specific enhancers. II Results: The present study identifies novel anciently conserved non coding sequences (CNEs) within intronic regions of human GLI3 gene, and are named as CNE13 (intron4) and CNE14 (intron3).The regulatory potential of CNE13 and CNE14 was investigated in transgenic zebrafish embryos by employing independent strategies: co-injection methodology and by direct cloning in Tol2 vector. Both of these elements, up-regulates reporter expression at already reported domains of endogenous Gli3 transcription. The CNE13 region induces reporter expression notably in the hindbrain region, muscle cells and pectoral fin whereas the CNE14 triggered reporter expression was confined only to the pectoral fin. CNE13 and CNE14 intronic elements depicted different activities the cell culture based luciferase reporter assays, supporting the belief that GLI3 expression regulation is complex and cellular context-dependent. The Tol2 based transgenic zebrafish assay of earlierreportedGLI3 limb-specific enhancers (CNE6 and CNE11; tested in the chicken limb-buds and mice) suggest that limb activity of a subset of GLI3-associatedconserved non-coding elements might be a tetrapod specific evolutionary innovation. Furthermore, the present study reports regulatory communications for large numbers of genes involve in limb growth and patterning. This data suggests that long-distance regulatory contacts are rather widespread during limb patterning. This observation emphasizes the importance of chromosomal aberrations in limb deformities. Furthermore, transcription factors (TF) examination predicts that developing limb bud differentiation into future different territories might involve distinct TF networks. Conclusions: Results presented in the current study when taken in combination with previously published data, clearly propose that over the course of evolution, the vertebrateGLI3 expression pattern has obtained a complex catalog of cis-regulatory elements for the development of CNS and limbs. Comparative evaluation of resulted experimental data from mice III and fish suggest that functions of such regulatory controls have diverged exceptionally among these two highly diverged lines of animals. In fact these enhancers will assist in pinpointing the molecular aspects which administer the space and time availability of effectors molecules of Shh cascade during early development. For instance, this catalog of GLI3 specific cis-regulators could help elucidate the gene expression underpinning of precise balance among SHH and GLI3gene products in complementary developmental domains (e.g., limb and neural tissue) and during organogenesis. This complex network of GLI3 enhancers could help understand the genetics of human birth abnormalities that cannot be ascribed to mutations in coding intervals of GLI3. In these cases, the enhancers that can potentially affect the expression pattern of GLI3can be scrutinized during early embryonic development. Furthermore, human limb specific gene regulatory networks established in the current study would be useful to elucidate the role of enhancers in developmental gene expression, disease and evolution.
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