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’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

شاعری ایک خوبصورت اور من موہنی صنف رْباعی ہے۔ رْباعی کا لفظ رْبع سے نکلا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اربعہ کے معنی ’’چار‘‘ کے ہیں۔اس وجہ سے ایسی صنف شاعری کو رْباعی کہا جائے گا جس کے چار مصرعے ہوں۔

شاعری کی اصطلاح میں رْباعی اس صنف کا نام ہے جس میں مخصوص وزن کے چار مصرعوں میں ایک مضمون یا خیال بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یعنی رْباعی وہ شعری صنف ہے جس میں عروض کے ماہرین کے مقرر کیے ہوئے خاص وزن،خیال کی وحدت اور بیان کے تسلسل کی پابندی بہت ضروری ہے۔

رْباعی میں بیان کے تسلسل اور خیال کی آہستہ آہستہ بڑھوتری کے اظہار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ رباعی کے چار وں مصرعے زنجیر کی گھریوں کی طرح ایک دوسرے سے جڑے ہوئے ہوں،الفاظ کا چناؤ موضوع اور خیال کے مطابق ہو پہلے مصرعے میں مناسب الفاظ کے ذریعے خیال کے بارے میں معلومات دی جائیں۔دوسرے اور تیسرے مصرعے میں خیال مکمل طور پر پورے زور و شعور کے ساتھ ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کیا جائے کیوں کہ چوتھا مصرعہ ہی رباعی کے مجموعی تاثر اور خلاصے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔اس میں ہی رباعی کا اصل خیال یا مضمون کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے جس کی خاطر رباعی لکھی گئی ہے۔

جہاں تک رباعی کے مضامین اور موضوعات کا تعلق ہے۔اس صنف کاآغازمذہبی مضامین کے بیان سے ہوا۔شروع شروع میں حمد،نعت اور توحید کا ذکر ہی رباعی میں کیا جاتا تھا۔پھر آہستہ آہستہ صوفیانہ خیالات ،معرفت کے مضامین رباعی کے موضوعات بن گئے۔صوفیاء کرام کا دین کی تبلیغ کا کام کرنا،لوگوں کو اخلاق کا درس دینا اور معاشرے کی اصلاح یہ سبھی مضامین صوفی شعراء نے رباعی میں بیان کیے۔اگر فارسی رباعی پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو...

فتح مکہ میں آنحضرت ﷺ کی حربی حکمت عملی

This article encompassed the Holy Prophet's (ﷺ) best war strategy in the conquest of Makkah and its relevance to the Modern society. The purpose of this article was to highlight the war strategy of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) in the conquest of Makkah. His strategy provided the noble example for warfare in modern world. The method used for research was historical. The review of literature revealed that the war, humanity for love the showed (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of strategies concern for the safety of the lives and avoided bloodshed as far as possible. Because of his noble strategies, Makkan tribes surrendered without any resistance in front of the army of Islam. Consequently, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the and idolatry from freed became Makkah conquered the last and the most solid stronghold of the enemy. In Modern era, Muslim faced so many war problems. Through the war war the learn can commanders military, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of strategies ethics and overcome their problems. It is recommended to Muslim army that they should take guidance from the war strategy of Prophet pressure psychological putting by enemy defeat and (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad upon them.

Evaluation of Heat Tolerance Potential and its Enhancement in Okra Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench .

Lady’s finger or Okra is a member of family malvacae. It is multipurpose crop; its fibrous tender fruits called pods are used as vegetable; seeds, stem and roots used for industrials purposes. In past it was considered as minor crop and no care was taken for its improvement at national and international level in research programs. It grows well at temperature ranges of 18 to 35oC and gives highest yield. Heat and drought events will be intensified due change in climate, activating modifications in the ecosystem and failure or low productivity of crops which are prone to abiotic stresses and same case is with okra. Major constraint which affects vegetative and reproductive phase of okra is heat stress. Heat stress damage quality as well as yield of okra. The research was conducted with the aim to screen out genetically diverse and improved germplasm while eradicating physiological and genetic basis of better adaptation under thermal stress and enhancement of heat tolerance by foliar application of proline. In first experiment comparative performance of one hundred okra genotypes was investigated under heat stress condition. For this purpose one hundred (100) okra genotypes were grown under control environmental conditions of high temperature 45/35°C (day/night). Data for morphological attributes (root length, shoot length, shoot and root fresh weight, number of leaves and root and shoot dry weight) and physiological attributes (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance to water, photosynthetic rate, leaf surface temperature, chlorophyll contents, sub-stomatal CO2 and water use efficiency) was recorded. According to recorded data genotypes were classified on the basis of their performance against heat stress conditions. Under heat stress conditions genotypes showed significant different response and genotypes were divided into heat sensitive and heat tolerant ones. VI051062 and VI060131 were categorized as most heat tolerant and VI046554, while VI048594 were categorized as most heat sensitive ones. In second experiment twenty five okra genotypes screened out from one hundred okra genotypes in experiment # 1 in growth room, (twenty heat tolerant and five heat sensitive genotypes) were sown in summer 2014, in the field conditions at vegetable research area of Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Genotypes were sown at three different sowing dates (02, April, 12, April and 22, April) to check the effect of heat stress on different morpho-physiological and yield attributes. All the cultural practices were kept same for all sowing dates and for all genotypes. There were four replications and each replication contained five plants. In this experiment genotypes VI051062 and VI060131 proved to be most heat tolerant while VI046554 and VI048594 proved to be most heat sensitive under field conditions on the basis of morpho-physiological and yield parameters In third experiment four okra genotypes, two tolerant (VI051062 and VI060131) and two sensitive (VI046554 and VI048594) selected from experiment # 2, were exposed to heat stress (45/35°C day/night temperature) under controlled environmental conditions, two weeks after exposure to heat stress plants were sprayed with proline (control, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0mM) to optimize best dose of proline for enhancement the heat tolerance in okra VII genotypes. Morphological and physiological were studied to optimize the best dose of proline for enhancement of heat stress tolerance in okra genotypes. Results revealed that proline application @ 2.5 mM is best for enhancing the heat tolerance potential of okra. Fourth experiment was carried out to check the effect of optimized dose of proline (in experiment # 3) on the morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes of four okra genotypes two heat tolerant and two heat sensitive, under controlled environmental conditions at high temperature 45/35°C (day/night). It was noted that exogenous application of proline @ 2.5 mM significantly affected morphological, physiological, biochemical, water related and enzymatic attributeswhich in turn enhanced the heat tolerance potential of okra genotypes. It can be concluded from the study that by sowing the heat tolerant genotypes, identified in research, the growth period of okra can be extended. Exofenous application of proline @ 2.5 mM can further alleviate the drastic effects of high temperature and growing period can be extended.
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