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Chapter 5: Comparative Study of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad’s Thoughts

Methodology of Prophetic Revolution

            Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is unique in giving the idea of a Prophetic Revolution to the present society. Various scholars have given different ideas on it. Let us first see what Dr. Isrār has said about it.

            In his lectures, he describes six phases of the Islamic/Prophetic Revolution which are:-

(1) Invitation(Da‘vat)

(2) Organization(Tanẓīm)

(3) Training(Tarbiyyat)

(4) Absolute Patience(Ṣabr-e-Maḥiḍ) and Non-violence

(5) Step Forward(Iqdām) and Challenge

(6) Armed Conflict, i. e. Musallah kashmakash/Qitāl fī Sabīl-e-Allāh[1]

First Phase: Invitation (Da‘vat)

            Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is of the view that as a first stage of the revolution there should be some novel idea; some revolutionary philosophy that should be spread and presented before the people who should be convinced in their minds about the usefulness of this idea through arguments and reasoning. [2]

            All the Islamic Movements working in society today consider INVITATION(Da‘vat) as the first phase and there is no difference of opinion about it. When the holy Prophet (SAWS) himself started his work; he first invited the people towards Dīn and presented an ideology before them. MaulānāṢafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakpūrī(d:1428A. H/2007A. D) in his book Al-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm divides Prophetic life into two parts;

  1. Makkan Life
  2. Medinite Life

He has divided Makkan's life further into three phases;

  1. The phase of Secret Invitation.
  2. The phase of Open Invitation and preaching amongst Makkans.
  3. The phase of Popularity and spreading of Islamic Invitation outside Makkah. [3]

       The above facts indicate that the holy Prophet (SAWS) started his mission with an invitation and the...

Principles of Effective Management according to Quran and Sunnah

The aim of this conceptual paper is throw light on Islamic principles for effective human resource management. A qualitative approach was applied. The extensive review of existing literature shows that Islamic principles of HRM gives due importance to manager-employee relationship which is beneficial for achieving organizational objectives. Some important and significant principles of Islamic human resource management are trust, sincerity, justice, consultation, equality, division of labour, delegation of authority and remuneration or payment of employees. Islamic management is based on mutual trust between managers and subordinates. Manager and worker should be sincere to organization. Selection and recruitment is based on merit. Justice is the most salient and important characteristics of Islamic management. Islam stresses on mutual consultation in order to resolve existing problem in the organization. Islamic principles of management are expected to benefit the organization, the employer and the employee. The study will contribute information and knowledge to the existing literature on Islamic human resource management. This study will highlight the scope and application of Islamic principles of HRM in developing effective management system.

A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian

A Study of Lexico-Semantical Peculiarities of Translation of the Scientific and Technical Text form Urdu to Russian Translation of scientific and technical text is a multidimensional and multifaceted process determined by the System and norm of the two languages involved. It is not only dependent on the two cultures and the communicative situations, but also directly dependent on the referential situation and the functional parameters, of the source / target text. The process of translation is not only a speech act, but also an act of cross-cultural communication and this fact is borne out by the interdisciplinary status of translation studies and its close link with contrastive and text-linguistics; socio and psycholinguistics and semiotics. The 21st century witnessed the emergence of scientific and technical translation as an independent field of study on the international level. The Intercultural and Intercontinental communications made it mandatory for human beings to understand scientific, technical and environmental issues in the world, and to leave their cocoons behind. It only served to underscore the significance that translation studies was to hold in the times to come. There is hardly a Translator or an Interpreter today who has not to deal with translation of scientific and technical materials. Translation of technical text puts a premium on the translator's knowledge of the subject-matter of Source Text. He must take great pains to get familiar with the system of terms in the appropriate field and make good use of technical dictionaries and other books of reference. When new words come into being to denote news object or phenomena, they naturally cannot have regular equivalents in another language. Such equivalents may only gradually evolve as the result of extensive contacts between the two nations. Therefore the translator coming across a new coinage has to interpret its meaning and to choose the appropriate way of rendering it in his translation. It has been observed that many phenomenon, words and terminologies of Urdu language have no regular equivalents, and a number of techniques has been suggested for transformation of such units of translation in Russian. New words are coined in the language to give names to new objects, or phenomena which become known to the people. Thus, research has been conducted in the background of the ever changing in scientific and technological scenario. The fast-track changes and rapid breakthrough in almost all fields in science and technology has made it mandatory for technical and scientific texts to translate into languages, other than the one in which the study or work has been conducted. Selecting this area to work in, the researcher has tried to focus on the problems encountered during the translation of technical and scientific texts from Urdu into Russian. The researcher is seemed mindful of the magnitude of the task, and has therefore delimited the study to focusing on the lexico-semantic peculiarities of translation of scientific and technical text from Urdu into Russian. Russian and Urdu are difficult languages to learn/teach, yet the geographical proximity has made it important for learners and teachers to recognize and identify the issues involved in translating the text. The major problems, in rendering Urdu scientific/technical texts into Russian, lie in the domain of lexico-semantics. Thus, the researcher has made a comparison of the two languages. But in keeping with the nature of the study, has focused only on the major differences — the foremost being the fact that Urdu lexicon suffers from a dearth of scientific and technical terminology. These and other points have been discussed in detail in this study. The parameters of the research demand a theoretical framework, and this has been discussed in the preliminary chapters — 1 & 2. Chapter 3 comprises general scientific and technical lexicon; word- building; structure and features of translation of terminological units and ways of translating multi- component terms etc. Chapter 4 deals with the fundamentals of translation, focusing on the contrastive analysis of translation material. The concluding chapter gives the findings and recommends that the study be used to further explore and exploit the Russian market, in order to give a boost to our economy. This study discusses translation studies, from a variety of perspectives and not merely the pedagogical aspects. The nature of the research combined with the significance of the language in the global scenario, makes this study the first of its kind, and the researcher, without idle boasting, is hopeful that he has begun to set a new trend in Pakistan. Hopefully, this study would be utilized to its utmost and in the spirit in which it has been conducted.
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