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حرف آغاز

بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

 معاشرتی جرائم اور ان کی سزاؤں کا تعین ہر انسانی معاشرہ اور ریاستی نظام کی ضرورت ا ور ذمہ داری رہی ہے اور ہر دور میں مختلف حوالوں سے اس پر علمی ا ورتحقیقی کام ہوتاآ رہاہے۔ اسلامی ریاست کی بنیاد آسمانی تعلیمات کے حوالے سے شرعی احکام و قوانین پر ہوتی ہے اور اس کی ابتدا حضرت آدم و حوا علیہما السلام کو زمین پربسانے کے ساتھ ہی اللہ رب العزت نے ان سے اور ان کی نسل و ذریت سے اس ارشاد کے ساتھ فرمادی تھی کہ

﴿فَإِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدًى فَمَنْ تَبِعَ هُدَايَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ﴾[البقرہ، 38:2 ]

دنیا میں زندگی بسر کرنے کے لیے میری طرف سے تمہارے پاس ہدایات آتی رہیں گی اور ان پر عمل کرکے تم خوف و حزن سے نجات پا سکو گے۔ یہ ہدایات حضرات انبیاء کرام علیہم السلام کے ذریعہ مسلسل نازل ہوتی رہیں جن کا آخری اور مکمل مجموعہ قرآن کریم کی صورت میں ہمارے پاس بحمد اللہ محفوظ و موجود ہے۔ حضرات انبیا ء کرام علیہم السلام نے صرف ہدایات نہیں پہنچا ئیں بلکہ ان کی ضروری تعبیرات دتشریحات بھی فرمائیں اور ان پر عمل کا ماحول قائم کرکے ایک اسلامی معاشرہ کی عملی صورت بھی اپنے پیرو کاروں کے ساتھ رکھی جو ہمارے پاس حدیث و سنت کے ساتھ ساتھ تعامل صحابہ کرام با لخصوص خلفاء راشدین رضوان اللہ علیہم اجمعین کے کردار کی شکل میں قیامت تک کے لیے اسوہ اور راہنماکے طور پر ہماری ملی تاریخ کا اہم ترین حصہ ہیں۔

ان اصول و ضوابط کی سوسائٹی میں عملی تنفیذ و تطبیق کے وسائل و ضروریات کو فقہا ئے عظام رحمہم اللہ نے مرتب فرمایا اور ہر دور میں اس وقت...

قدیم پنجابی زبان: ہڑپا وادی دی زبان

There are different theories about languages in the world. Linguistics provided different views on the origin of different languages. The Punjabi language is a one of the oldest languages in the world. According to my view, its origin is Dakan, Punjab, Sind etc. This article explores the effects of the Harappan Era on the Punjabi language. Historical references have been made to prove that the language of Harappa was ancient Punjabi.

A Comparative Study of a Male and a Female School Leader

In the Pakistani society, leadership is considered as a male attribute, as it is associated with the masculine traits such as authority and control. This assumption not only affects women's entry into leadership positions, but it also affects men who opt for this position, as they are expected to behave in a way that is considered masculine. However, current leadership theories demand leaders to be more collaborative and caring and possess people-oriented traits that are commonly associated with women. Literature on leadership in Pakistan are silent about whether male and female school leaders lead their schools in similar or different ways. This study sought to explore the similarities and differences in leadership styles of a male and a female head teacher. The study employed a case study approach. Information was gathered through individual interviews, focus group interviews, document analysis and observations. One male head teacher and one female head teacher from private secondary schools in Karachi were the primary participants of the study. Four teachers and four students from each school were interviewed to find out their views about their head teachers, data were triangulated from gathering their head teachers' views and from other sources like document analysis and observation. The findings of the study suggest that the male head teacher and the female head teacher exhibit similar styles of leadership. They execute a combination of leadership styles according to the demand of the situation and these range from transactional to transformational styles of leadership. The data evidenced that both the head teachers emphasized on teaching and learning process in their schools. They have developed a learning environment not only for the students but also for the teachers. They have delegated power and authority to the staff and the students. The findings also suggest that leaders are not born but they are developed, as various factors are involved in enhancing their leadership skills and knowledge: training programs, availability of role models, socialization and experiences of being led by others. The study makes several recommendations: i) the need to re-culture the stereotyping associated with the notion of leadership and leadership positions and ii) providing head teachers with an opportunity to access training programs to develop their skills as leaders.
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