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*"ماں"* طاہر وحید

 

میں جب بھی دیر سے گھر لوٹتا تھا

(اور اکثر دیر سے ہی لوٹتا تھا)،

تو میرے گھر کا دروازہ

مرے ہاتھوں کی دستک کے لیے

بے چین ملتا تھا،،،

مگر

بے چینئ در کا مداوا

ہو نہ پاتا تھا،،،،

مری ماں کی نگاہیں،

کان، لب، دست-دعا.....

سب جاگتے

اور اپنے اپنے کام میں

مصروف رہتے تھے،،،،

(چھیالیس سال میری ماں کے معمولاتِ روز و شب نہیں بدلے...... مری آوارگی کی عمر کے سب سال

میرے ڈھب نہیں بدلے)،،،

مرے ہاتھوں پہ لکھی دستکیں

تشنہ ہی رہتی تھیں،

کہ

*میری ماں*

*مرے پیروں کی آہٹ پر ہی*

*دروازے کی کنڈی کھول دیتی تھی،،،*

مرے ہاتھوں کی اور در کی وہ

*"مشترکہ سی خواہش"*

اب ہمیشہ *"نا مکمّل"*

اور

*"ادھوری"* ہی رہے گی،،،

میں اب گھر سے زیادہ دیر تک

باہر نہیں رہتا،

میں اب در بند ہونے سے

بہت پہلے ہی

گھر کو لوٹ آتا ہوں،،،

*مری ماں*

*اپنے معمولاتِ روز و شب*

*مکمل کر گئ ہے....!!!

 

 

مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Data

The sharp disagreement in economics literature about the nature of the relationship between financial development and economic growth is widely known. Empirical evidence is also mixed as has been documented by Levine (1997, 2003b). Most empirical studies focused either on indirect finance or on direct finance. Previous panel data studies also failed to permit heterogeneity in slope coefficient. Past empirical studies even ignored the inflation effects on the relationship between finance and growth. This dissertation examines the empirical relationship between financial development and economic growth while incorporating the inflation rate effect on financial development; dividing countries into panels of Low, Lower Middle, Upper Middle, and High Income Countries. It focuses on both the indirect finance and the direct finance, separately as well as collectively. The econometric methodology of Weinhold (1999) and Nair-Reichert and Weinhold (2001) is applied for causality analysis in heterogeneous panel data which is based upon the Mixed Fixed Random Effects model of Hsiao et al. (1989). Two sets of results are reported: First, the relationship between financial development and economic growth from contemporaneous non-dynamic fixed effects panel estimation can be interpreted as mixed. Negative and statistically significant estimates of the coefficient of the inflation and financial development interaction variable, in the case of Low and Lower Middle Income Countries, indicate that financial development may be harmful to economic growth when inflation is rising. Such evidence is not found from the data for Upper Middle and High Income Countries. Second, in contrast to the recent evidence of Beck and Levine (2003), use of a more appropriate econometric methodology of dynamic heterogeneous panel for causality analysis and a refined model reveals that there is no definite indication that finance spurs economic growth or that growth spurs finance. These findings are in line with Lucas’s view on finance that the importance of financial matters is over-stressed in popular and even professional discussion. The only exception is the activity in stock markets in High Income Countries, where the result supports the Robinson (1952) view that finance follows where enterprise leads.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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