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مولانااشرف علی تھانوی

مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ
محفل دوشیں کا وہ چراغ سحر جو کئی سال سے ضعف و مرض کے جھونکوں سے بجھ بجھ کر سنبھل جاتا تھا بالآخر ۸۲ سال ۳ ماہ ۱۰ روز جل کر ۱۵؍ رجب ۱۳۶۲؁ھ کی شب کو ہمیشہ کے لئے بجھ گیا۔
داغ فراق صحبت شب کی جلی ہوئی
اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے
یعنی حکیم امت، مجددِ طریقت، شیخ الکل حضرت مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ نے مرض ضعف و اسہال میں کئی ماہ علیل رہ کر ۱۹ اور ۲۰ جولائی کی درمیانی شب کو ۱۰ بجے نماز عشاء کے وقت اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، اور اپنے لاکھوں معتقدوں اور مریدوں اور مستفیدوں کو غمگین و مہجور چھوڑا، انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ اب اس دور کا بالکلیہ خاتمہ ہوگیا جو حضرت شاہ امداد اﷲ صاحب مہاجر مکی، مولانا یعقوب صاحب نانوتوی، مولانا قاسم صاحب نانوتوی، مولانا شیخ محمد صاحب تھانوی کی یادگار تھا، اور جس کی ذات میں حضرات چشت اور حضرت مجدد الف ثانی اور حضرت سید احمد بریلوی کی نسبتیں یکجا تھیں، جس کا سینہ چشتی ذوق و عشق اور مجددی سکون و محبت کا مجمع الجرین تھا، جس کی زبان شریعت و طریقت کی وحدت کی ترجمان تھی، جس کے قلم نے فقہ و تصوف کو ایک مدت کی ہنگامہ آرائی کے بعد باہم ہم آغوش کیا تھا اور جس کے فیض نے تقریباً نصف صدی تک اﷲ تعالیٰ کے فضل و توفیق سے اپنی تعلیم و تربیت اور تزکیہ و ہدایت سے ایک عالم کو مستفید بنا رکھا تھا، اور جس نے اپنی تحریر و تقریر سے حقائق ایمانی، دقائق فقہی، اسرارِ احسانی اور رموزِ حکمتِ ربانی کو برملا فاش کیا تھا، اور اسی لئے دنیا نے اس کو حکیم الامت کہہ کر پکارا، اور حقیقت یہ ہے کہ اس اشرف زمانہ...

اسلامی سلطہ کے قیام پر اقوام غیر مسلم سے معاشرت

Islam is such a unique religion that commoner’s social welfare with its subdomains and conquered subjugated principalities. History of Islam is teemed with its practical instances of social welfare with subjugated states. Conquered nations are dealt with and interacted with i n a way, that their right might not be violated, instead governing power took such steps that helped them to become acquaintances of the conqueror that is why every Islamic government forbade Muslims to usurp the social rights of any minority the subsequent passage historical and analytical study of sociological dealing of Muslim state with non muslim nations is discussed.

Approaches to Assess the Optimum Dissolved Oxygen Released by Macrophytes in the Substratum of Constructed Wetlands

Approaches to Assess the Optimum Dissolved Oxygen Released by Macrophytes in the Substratum of Constructed Wetlands Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully employed to treat wastewater in developing countries as they are economical and based on ecologically friendly principles. Wastewater treatment by CW involves chemical, biological and physical processes like precipitation, sedimentation, absorption, adsorption and biodegradation. However, the degradation of organic matter is dependent on oxygen availability in wastewater. The hydrologic environment of CW with water saturated substrate is prevailed by poor oxygen conditions. Therefore, the oxygen added by the macrophytes through their roots to the substrate of CW plays a key role in wastewater treatment. A part of the oxygen produced during the process of photosynthesis is transported through the inter-connected air spaces comprising aerenchyma of these plants to the roots and rhizosphere. The active oxygen transfer capability is one of the main parameters that controls the performance of a CW and is thus considerably dependent on the oxygen availability in the rhizosphere, which may be controlled by the finest combination of macrophytes, climatic factors and microorganisms. In the current study, a specially designed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) was used for monitoring temperature, light intensity and humidity supplemented with a mix of digital controlling and measuring devices. A precise, continuous and frequent data about humidity, temperature and light intensity combinations was recorded with insignificant fluctuations of 1 - 2 ºC in temperature and 7 to 20 µmol m-2 s-1 in light intensity. The study discovered the significant increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the rhizosphere of Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis affected by the optimum combination of temperature and light intensity, i.e., 30 - 35 ºC with 210 µmol.m-2 s-1 and 35 ºC with 140 - 210 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The highest DO recorded from the rhizosphere of Typha when exposed to these combinations was 1.67 mg/L whereas in the rhizosphere of Phragmites it was 2.16 mg/L. The exposure to the optimum temperature and light intensity combinations, increased the fresh plant biomass in Typha by 27% and Phragmites 32% whereas the chlorophyll content was enhanced by 13% and 14%, respectively. The Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhanced the plant growth and chlorophyll content. The PGPR also had positive influence on the process of photosynthesis and consequently on the release of oxygen from the roots of plants. The PGPR (GRP-C3) inoculated plants were able to add maximum oxygen to their rhizosphere. The highest amount of oxygen recorded from the rhizosphere of Typha and Phragmites was 4.54 mg/L and 2.57 mg/L, respectively. It was observed that the PGPR, GRP-C3 showed the highest phosphate solubilization index (17 mm) and higher ability to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), i.e., 12.5 mg/L. The higher concentration of DO in the substratum of CW significantly reduced the retention time for treating maximum chemical and biological oxygen demand from the wastewater, i.e., 8 days for the Typha vegetated microcosms and 9 days for the Phragmites vegetated microcosms. The non-vegetated microcosms required 17-18 days, however, all vegetated microcosms exposed to unfavorable temperature and light intensity combinations required 10-15 days for achieving maximum COD/BOD removal efficiency. A major feature of variable rate of photosynthesis also revealed a rhythmic and regular pattern of diurnal fluctuation of DO concentration in the rhizosphere of macrophytes during the light and dark period. The highest photosynthetic rates observed in Saururus cernuus and Pistia stratiotes were 5.76 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and 3.52 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at light intensity level of 140 µmol m-2 s-1 and 210 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The Pistia exhibited a significantly higher release of oxygen (5.83 mg/L) from the roots than the Saururus (3.87 mg/L). The stomatal conductance in both plants was observed to be significantly affected by the variable temperatures where a regression between the stomatal conductance and DO in the rhizosphere of Pistia and Saururus was determined.
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