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شفیق جونپوری

شفیق جونپوری
جناب شفیق جونپوری اُردو زبان کے نامور شاعر تھے اوراُن کاتعلق شعراء کے اُس گروہ سے تھا جوترقی پسند شاعری کے اُس دور طمطراق میں بھی فکروبیان کی پرانی قدروں کوسینہ سے لگاتے رہے، اورصرف یہی نہیں بلکہ اپنے فنی کمال و صنعت گری کے ذریعہ اُن کو مزید جلا بخشی اوران کی عزّت وآبرو قائم رکھی۔ کوئی شبہ نہیں کہ ان حضرات کی وفات ملک و قوم اورعلم وادب کے لیے بڑا حادثہ ہے،لیکن یہ دنیا یوں ہی چل رہی ہے اور چلتی رہے گی ۔ سدارہے نام اﷲ کا!
[جون ۱۹۶۳ء]

 

Introduction to Communication Research: The First Basic Steps

Since the articles publish in Weekend Reviews and journals like Pakistan Perspectives are usually anchored in Communication Research it is incumbent that the first basic steps in that Research are delineated first. The first steps consist of three basic exposures i.e. Selective exposure, selective perception and selective retention. A. Selective exposure means that you expose yourself to those events or developments you’re already familiar with. If that is, if you’re PMLN fan you don’t usually expose yourself to PPP meetings or events. That is you strengthen your already antecedent perception all the more-to the exclusion to other perceptions. B. Selective perception means that even when you expose yourself to selective exposure you try to pursue only those developments or events that you’re at home with. Since you don’t expose yourself to other perceptions you get yourself confirmed or strengthened in your own persistent views. C. Finally, selective retention means that you retain only such perceptions which again are antecedent to your previous perceptions. In any case, the differences wrought by exposing yourself to different views are great, even monumental. This is seen in the respective stance of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi on the federal part of the Government of India Act, 1935-1940. Jinnah use to expose himself to all sorts of document, word by word and formulated his stance in the light of his readings.

Studies on Biology, Distribution and Management of Meloidogyne Spp. on Okra

The survey of 17 districts of the Punjab province of the country revealed that root-knot nematodes prevailed in 85.25% of okra fields with an average incidence of 38.89%. Hundred percent prevalence was recorded in Multan, Okara, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Vehari, Rahim Yar Khan and Rawalpindi districts and a minimum prevalence of 22.4% was found in Lodhran district. The incidence was above 60% in Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan and Vehari and was only 4.44% in Lodhran. The severity of infection of the nematodes was highest in Bahawalnagar and Vehari, while it was lowest in Lodhran. Of the four most common root-knot species, M. incognita contributed 74.74%, M. javanica 24.02%, M. arenaria 2% and M. hapla 0.78%. Of the twelve cultivars of okra screened for resistance against M. incognita, none was found tolerant, highly resistant or moderately resistant. Two cultivars viz. Selection-31 and Okra Sindha were susceptible and the cultivar Punjab Selection was found highly susceptible. The rest of the cultivars showed moderate susceptibility towards the nematode. All the cultivars caused reduction in various growth parameters to varying levels over their respective controls. When the effect of different inoculum levels of M. incognita was investigated on the highly susceptible okra cultivar ‘Punjab Selection’, all the densities of nematode behaved differently. The reduction in growth parameters and increases in number of galls and egg masses were found directly proportional to the inoculum level as against, the nematodes build up which was found to be inversely proportional. All the tested antagonists proved effective in controlling M. incognita and significantly increased the root and shoot lengths and weights and caused reductions in number of galls and egg masses. Pochonia chlamydosporia and Pasteuria penetrans were found equally effective at a concentration of 8 103 chlamydospores / endospores per gram of soil. Incorporation of leaves of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Tagetes erecta and Datura stramonium in the soil @ 25, 50 and 75 g / kg of soil controlled M. incognita to varying degree. A. indica and C. procera caused maximum reductions in number of galls, egg masses and reproduction factor (Rf) of the nematode resulting into an increases in various growth parameters.
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