Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

مواد کی اہمیت، مواد کی اقسام، مواد کی فراہمی کے ذرائع

موضوع3:مواد کی اہمیت، مواد کی اقسام، مواد کی فراہمی کے ذرائع
مواد کیا ہے؟
مواد عربی لفظ "مادہ" کی جمع ہے۔ اس کے معنی رسالہ، سامان اوراسبا ب کے ہیں۔علمی اصطلاح میں مواد سے مراد وہ اسباب ہیں جو محقق تحقیق کے دوران استعمال میں لاتا ہے۔مواد کا متبادل لفظ موازنہ ہے یہ بھی عربی کا لفظ ہے جس کے لغوی معنی ضروری چیزیں یا سامان ،میٹریل کے ہیں۔Contentاور ڈیٹا کے انگریزی الفاظ بھی مواد کے متبادل کے طورپر مستعمل ہیں۔لفظ میٹیریل بالعموم مادی اشیاء کے لیے ڈیٹا، اعداد و شمار ، Contentاور نفس مضمون کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
مواد کی اہمیت:
تحقیق کسی بھی شعبے میں ہو مواد کے بغیر ممکن ہی نہیں بلکہ کئی ایک ماہرین کا مانناہے کہ تحقیق کی گاڑی مواد کے ایندھن کے بغیر چل ہی نہیں سکتی اور مواد ہی محقق کے غور و فکر کی بنیاد ہوتا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالستار دلوی کے مطابق:
’’خالص مواد کی شکل خام مال کی طرح ہوتی ہے۔ اسی خام ما ل سے تجزیہ ، درجہ بندی اور تحقیق کے ذریعہ نتائج اور عام اصول وضع کیے جاتے ہیں۔‘‘
مواد کی فراہمی تحقیق میں کافی اہمیت کی حامل ہے۔ اس کا سارا بار ایک ریسرچ اسکالر کو خود ہی اٹھانا پڑتا ہے۔ خلیق انجم نے اپنے ایک مضمون ’ادبی تحقیق اور حقائق‘ میں لکھا ہے:
"ایک محقق کو سب سے پہلے یہ معلوم کرنا ہوگا کہ موضوع سے متعلق کیا مواد ہے؟ کہاں ہے؟ اور کیسے فراہم کیا جاسکتا ہے؟"
مواد کی فراہمی کے سلسلے میں محقق کو شہد کی مکھی سے تعبیر کیا گیا ہے کہ جس طرح شہد کی مکھیاں مختلف پھولوں کارس چوس کر شہد بناتی ہیں ،اسی طرح ایک محقق کو بھی مختلف ماخذوں کو حاصل کر کے اپنی تحقیق کو بہترین بنانا پڑے گا تب جاکر وہ تحقیق...

How to Deal With Prisoners: An Islamic Perspective

This paper aims at highlighting the perspective of Islam regarding prisoners’ dealing. In the light of Quranic verses and examples from the life of Muhammad (PBUH), the last messenger of Allah and his companions, it has been shown that some 14 centuries back, although there were no formal settings to captivate the inmates, yet the prisoners in individual custody or incarcerated somewhere else such as Mosques, had full rights in terms of inborn dignity, humane treatments, fair justice, practicing religion etc. They were fully protected from the torture at the hands of occupying powers or individuals. Therefore, majority of them embraced Islam within custody and become firm believers before they were released. It is therefore, recommended that any prisoners’ reform strategy in the modern Era to be successful must take into consideration the glorious principles of Islam derived from Quran, authentic Hadith and the live examples of Muhammad (PBUH) and his companion.

Formulation of Carrier for Bioinoculant and its Evaluation on Maize Zea Mays L.

Biofertilizers are formulations containing agriculturally beneficial microorganisms, mass multiplied under laboratory conditions, inoculated in a carrier and supplied to the farmers for field applications. Carriers are inert materials with high absorptive capabilities when added in the preparations, provide strength and shape to the active ingredient. In Pakistan, dissemination of biofertilizer technology is facing a serious constraint due to non-availability of a suitable carrier for bioinnoculant. The aim of present study was to formulate suitable carriers from locally available cheap material and evaluate for shelf life by using locally isolated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains from maize rhizosphere as well as to test efficacy of PGPR inoculated carriers on maize plants under sterilized conditions of laboratory, greenhouse and unsterilized field conditions. Carrier material was prepared using different combinations between 35-50% clay soil, 30-45% fly-ash, 5-15% press mud and 5-15% lignite by weight. Soil containing 53% clay content was utilized to enhance adhesion capacity with the seeds. As essential quality of an acceptable carrier is that it should be free of lump formation, 40% clay soil with other materials was found suitable. Six different combinations in the range mentioned above were developed and subjected to physico-chemical analysis. Four treatments including 40% clay, 30-40% fly-ash, 10-15% press mud and 10-15% lignitic coal were developed considering good adhesion capacity, high moisture holding capacity, adequate nutrient availabilty and designated as formulated carrier (FC). These formulated carriers along with biozote carrier were investigated for PGPR shelf life. Different inoculated carriers revealed significant difference regarding microbial survival. Different incubation intervals also indicated a significant decline in population density of bacteria. Among the investigated carrier, the FC-4 (Clay soil 40%, fly-ash 30%, press-mud 15%, lignitic coal 15%) was categorized superior which supported 33.5x108 to 10.8x108 cfu g-1 for MR8 while 32.6x108 to 7.2x108 cfu g-1 for MR5. However all the tested carriers maintained the required population of viable cells upto six months of incubation period. All the inoculated carriers showed a significant increase over un-inoculated control to different plant growth parameters and plant mineral composition as well as nutrient uptake of maize plant in the pot, greenhouse and field study. Bioinoculant of FC-4 performed best followed by FC-1 and FC-3 conpared to BC. Among the two PGPR strains tested, MR8 was moderately better compared to MR5 while non-significant interaction between bacterial strains and carrier’s treatments was observed for most of the measured parameters. It is concluded from the pot, greenhouse and field experiments that FC-4 can be utilized as a carrier for the production of PGPR biofertizer for maize crop. Further experimentation related to other beneficial bacteria isolated from different crops should be conducted for utilization of FC-4 as carrier for biofertilizer production.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.