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مولانا لطف اﷲ

مولانا لطف اﷲ صاحب کی وفات

در روزگار عشق تو ماہم فدا شدیم               افسوس کز قبیلۂ مجنون کسے نماند

          قدیم عربی مدارس کے در و دیوار اگرچہ ظاہری شان و شوکت کے لحاظ سے روز بروز بلند ہوتے جاتے ہیں، لیکن جھک کے دیکھتے ہیں تو سنگ بنیاد متزلزل نظر آتا ہے، ہماری قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کی جو یادگاریں، ان مدارس کا اساس تھیں، ایک ایک کرکے مٹ گئیں، ایک مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم رہ گئے تھے لیکن ۱۸؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۱۶؁ء کو صرصرفنانے ہماری علمی انجمن کے اس چراغ کو بھی گل کردیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔

          مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم میں قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کی تمام خصوصیات باکمل وجوہ موجود تھیں، علم اخلاق، اور مذہب قدیم تعلیم و تربیت کا مایہ خمیر تھا، اور انہی محاسن کی بناء پر ہمارے علماء قوم میں عزت، رسوخ اور اثر پیدا کرتے تھے، مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم کی ذات میں نہ صرف یہ محاسن جمع ہوگئے تھے، بلکہ وہ ان اوصاف میں عموماً اپنے اقران و اماثل میں ممتاز کیے جاتے تھے۔

          اشاعت علم خالصۃً لوجہ اﷲ ہمیشہ ہمارے علماء کا تمغۂ امتیاز رہا ہے اور مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم نے اپنی عمر کا ایک کافی حصہ اس نیک کام میں صرف کیا، ہندوستان میں آج جس قدر علمی سلسلے قائم ہیں، اور جو علماء آج مسندنشین درس و تدریس ہیں، ان میں اکثر ایسے ہیں جنھوں نے مولوی لطف اﷲ صاحب مرحوم کے خرمن فیض کی خوشہ چینی کی ہے۔لیکن اﷲ تعالیٰ نے دولت دنیا سے بھی مولوی صاحب مرحوم کو کافی حصہ عطا فرمایا تھا، وہ ریاست حیدرآباد میں بمشاہرہ ایک ہزار مدتوں افتاء کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے، لیکن...

Concept of Tolerance in Islam for Promotion of Human Unity

Islam is a divine religion. It is based on divine revelation and Sunnah of the Holy prophet (SAW). Tolerance, patience, forbearing and broadmindedness are the hallmarks of the last divine religion, Islam. In the article the ideology of co-existence has been discussed. Verses of the Holy book indicate importance of the tolerance. Similarly some events out of the Seerah of the Holy prophet (SAW) have been mentioned as references. In these pages it is impossible to explain scope of the subject; however efforts have been made to elaborate the Islamic perspective of tolerance. May Allah Almighty enable all of us to follow teachings of Islam in true spirit.

Bioconversion of Plant Feedstock to Fermentable Saccharides

Bioconversion of different pre-treated agricultural feed stocks into saccharides was carried out using thermophilic cellulases. Agricultural by-products i.e. sugarcane bagasse, wheat and rice straw were subjected to acid and alkali at steaming temperatures, auto-hydrolysis and microwave pre-treatments. Auto-hydrolysed and alkali pre-treated substrates showed better delignification i.e. 86.01% (wheat straw), 77.84% (sugarcane bagasse), 67.23% (rice straw) vs. 84.11% (wheat straw), 73.90% (sugarcane bagasse), 68.47% (rice straw), respectively. These de-lignified substrates were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) which were subsequently removed by washing with distilled water, extraction by organic solvents and detoxification by calcium hydroxide. Minimum residual TPC was observed in auto-hydrolysed substrates using calcium hydroxide i.e. 52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dry weight (DW) of substrate in wheat straw, 59 mg GAE/g DW in sugarcane bagasse and 54 mg GAE/g DW in rice straw. The surface area i.e. 4 and 2mm granule size of all auto-hydrolysed substrates was assessed for saccharification potential and granule size of 2mm was found best with saccharification of 11.01% (sugarcane bagasse), 9.34% (wheat straw) and 4.36% (rice straw). Saccharification of auto-hydrolysed substrates using simultaneous addition of cellulases gave maximum saccharification in wheat straw i.e. 22.93% after 5 h of incubation at 80°C employing sodium citrate buffer of pH 6.5. Cellulase concentration of Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (125 U), Exo-1,4-β-glucanase (150 U) and β-1,4- Glucosidase (50 U) was optimized for 2% of wheat straw yielding 36.78% saccharification. Sequential addition of cellulases showed an improved saccharification of 55.64% employing Endo- 1,4-β-glucanase (75 U), Exo-1,4-β-glucanase (100 U) and β-1,4-glucosidase (50U) after 5.5 h of incubation. Scale up of the sequential saccharification in a 50 L reaction vessel resulted in increased saccharification of 57.91% with decreased time of incubation (3.5 h). In addition, substrate concentration of 2.5 % with agitation of 100 rpm was optimized with consequent saccharification of 62.12%. After saccharification, the hydrolysate was analyzed for TPC which were removed using activated charcoal. Minimum TPC i.e. 64.43 mg GAE/mL of liquid phase was achieved using 3% activated charcoal at 40°C after 20 min of incubation. The hydrolysate was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and found to have glucose and cellobiose. Wheat straw before auto-hydrolysis, after auto- hydrolysis and enzymatic breakdown was assessed for structural variance by scanning electron microscopy.
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