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ڈ اکٹر تارا چند

ڈاکٹر تارا چند
گذشتہ اکتوبر میں ڈاکٹر تاراچند کے انتقال پر ملال سے بھی ہندوستان میں ایک بڑا علمی خلاء پیدا ہوگیا، وہ الہ آباد کے کایستھ پاٹ شالہ کی مدرسی اور پرنسپلی کے بعد الہ آباد یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر بھی ہوئے، پھر حکومت ہند کے تعلیمی مشیر بنے، ایران میں ہندوستان کی طرف سے سفیر بناکر بھیجے گئے، وہاں سے واپسی پر پارلیمنٹ کے رکن نامزد کئے گئے لیکن ان کی اصلی شہرت اور مقبولیت ایک بلند پایہ مورخ کی حیثیت سے ہوئی، انھوں نے ’’انفلوانس آف اسلام ان انڈین کلچر‘‘ پر ایک مقالہ لکھ کر آکسفورڈ سے ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی، یہ ان کی ابتدائی تحقیقی کوشش تھی، لیکن اس سے بہتر کتاب اس موضوع پر اب تک نہیں نکلی، آخر میں وہ ہسٹری آف دی فریڈم موومنٹ کے بورڈ کے اڈیٹر تھے، ان کی ادارت میں یہ کام بڑی خوش اسلوبی سے انجام پاتا رہا، ان کی تحقیقی تحریروں میں دیدہ دری کے ساتھ بڑی فراخدلی بھی ہوتی، وہ ہندی اردو کی حسین آمیزش یعنی ہندوستانی زبان کے بھی بڑے موئد تھے، اس کے کچھ اچھے نمونے بھی لکھ کر پیش کرتے رہے، ان کی نیک نامی اور مورخانہ بصیرت کی وجہ سے ان کی خوشگوار یادوں کا چراغ علمی حلقہ میں برابر روشن رہے گا۔ (’’ص ، ع‘‘، نومبر ۱۹۷۳ء)

Geopolitical Dynamics: Syria's Diplomatic En-deavors in a Complex Region

 In order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general geopolitical issues. Syria's strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by Russian support, which offers political backing in international negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing together regional and international players to identify all-encompassing solutions. Overall, the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will find this information useful. Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.

Workplaces That Work: Examining the Relationships Between Conflict, Subjective Well Being, Employee Performance and Turnover Intentions

Conflict is an inherent part of organizational life and it has been recognized to affect work behaviors in substantial ways. The conflict research abounds with studies on the direct relationships of conflict types and work behaviors with few exceptions whereas underlying psychological mechanisms linking these direct relationships have not been explored. Furthermore, little is known about whether western findings regarding the effects of task conflict and relationship conflict still hold across nonwestern cultures. This thesis offers insights regarding the consequences of task conflict and relationship conflict among employees in terms of their task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentions. The study proposed and tested two underlying mechanisms linking task/relationship conflict and work behaviors. More specifically, utilizing a resource investment/acquisition approach and related corollary of gain spirals in the backdrop of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, it was suggested that work engagement and job satisfaction distinctively mediate the link between task conflict and work behaviors. Furthermore, guided by the resource depletion approach and related corollary of loss spirals of the COR theory, it was proposed that the three dimensions of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism and interpersonal strain) play a mediating role in influencing the linkages between relationship conflict and outcomes. Data was collected from 508 telecom engineers and their supervisors and analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the interrelationships among the study constructs. The results reveal that task conflict in non-routine complex jobs acts as a resource and facilitates task performance and contextual performance and reduces turnover intentions through work engagement as well as job satisfaction. With respect to relationship conflict results indicated that relationship conflict is negatively related to task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentions, and that the three dimensions of job burnout i.e., exhaustion, cynicism and interpersonal strain at work, distinctively mediate the linkages between relationship conflict, task and contextual performance and turnover intentions. The current study contributes to the conflict literature by delineating a resource investment/acquisition process in the backdrop of the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory whereby task conflict (an exchange of cognitive resources) leads to resource gain (work engagement), which in turn lead to positive outcomes in individuals. It also adds valuable knowledge by suggesting and validating resource depletion process which explicates how relationship conflict transmits its effect to job performance and turnover intentions through mediation of burnout. All in all, the findings have important practical as well as theoretical implications for managers and academicians alike.
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