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اہم تدوینی اصطلاحات

موضوع2:تدوینی اصطلاحات
متن:
• تدوین کے لیے وہ تحریر جسے کوئی ترتیب دینا چاہے۔
• متن اس عبارت کو کہتے ہیں جسے آسانی سے پڑھا جا سکے اور قرات کے دوران اس کی تفہیم ہو سکے۔ متن سے ہم تاریخ یا ماضی سے تعلق رکھنے والی وہ عبارت
• مراد لیتے ہیں جس کی ترتیب مقصود ہو۔جسے دریافت کیا گیا ہو اور جو تحقیقی اہمیت کی حامل ہو۔
تدوین :
• کسی تصنیف کے مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کرکے درست متن تیار کرنا
• کسی مصنف کی منتشر تخلیقات یا کسی تخلیق کے منتشر اجزائ￿ کو صحیح ترتیب سے جمع کرنا
مدون:
تدوین کا کام کرنے والا
مرتب:
کتابوں کی ترتیب دینے والا
دیوان:
وہ مجموعہ کلام جس میں شعراء کی نظمیں اور غزلیں جمع کی جاتی ہیں۔
مخطوطہ:
کسی مصنف کے ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوئی تحریر کو کہتے ہیں۔
منسوخ/قلم زد:
وہ تخلیقات یا تخلیق کا حصہ جسے مصنف نے خارج کردیا ہو۔
موازنہ:
ایک متن کے مختلف نسخوں کے اندراجات کا تقابلی مطالعہ کرکے مناسب ترین کا تعین
اختلاف نسخ:
تدوین کرتے وقت مختلف نسخوں میں جو اختلافات ملتے ہیں انھیں اختلاف نسخ کہا جاتا ہے، ان کو یک جا کردیا جاتا ہے تاکہ قاری کے سامنے دونوں صورتیں آجائیں۔
نسخہ:
کسی قلمی یا مطبوعہ کتاب کی ایک جلد کو نسخہ کہتے ہیں۔

اساسی نسخہ/بنیادی نسخہ:
کسی پرانی قلمی کتاب یا مخطوطے کے جب کئی نسخے موجود ہوں تو ان میں سے وہ نسخہ جسے بنیاد مان کر تدوین متن کی جائے اساسی نسخہ کہلاتا ہے۔
خطی نسخہ/قلمی نسخہ/دستخطی نسخہ:
مصنف کے ہاتھ کا لکھا یا ٹائپ کیا ہوا نسخہ دستخطی نسخہ کہلاتا ہے۔
آمیختہ نسخہ:
وہ نسخہ جس کا متن پہلے کے دو نسخوں سے ملا کر تیار کیا گیا ہو۔

فلسفہ احکام میراث

This research article explores the rationale behind Islamic injunctions regarding inheritance. Unlike other Islamic injunctions, which are briefly enunciated in the Quran but elaborated in Sunnah, inheritance has been detailed in considerable length in the Quranic text itself. This coupled with numerous Prophetic traditions underpins the unique importance Islam accords to the question of inheritance. However, despite its exceptional importance, the subject of Islamic law of inheritance remains mostly a neglected one, even among the students of Islamic seminaries and Ulema. Resultantly, Islam’s brilliant system of inheritance is often not implemented by the adherents of Islam, much to the miseries and hardships of the legal heirs, especially the children and women. Thus these marginalized segments of society are deprived of their rights today just as they were treated before the advent of Islam. This research brings home the fact that the divinely ordained Islamic injunctions of inheritance are based on sound rationale and justification in the best interest of humanity, and that the believers must adhere to these injunctions that are based on three key principles: proximity in relationship, need, and distribution of wealth. The paper explains in great length the types of relatives and legal heirs, the principles of distribution among them, the justification for such shares, and the limits imposed by Quran and Sunnah with regard to the right of the deceased, the heirs, relatives and the state. It also discusses some of the contentious issues in contemporary debate on Islam: an orphan grandson’s title to inheritance, and the philosophy behind 2: 1 inheritance distribution formula between son and daughter. In doing so, the author has not only relied on the main sources of Islamic jurisprudence viz. Quran and Sunnah, in addition to classical and modern Islamic scholarship but also sound argumentation and logical exposition.

Structural, Electronic and Vibrational Properties of 2Nd Row Transition Metal Clusters

Metal clusters play key role in chemical industry, nanotechnology and cellular biology. Chemical industry depends on the selection, development and application of catalysts. The most valuable catalysts used in these modern chemical industries consist of metal clusters. Introduction of a dopant atom in a metal cluster significantly enhances the catalytic activity. Moreover, in heterogeneous catalysis, the ability of metal cluster to react chemically with different molecular species totally depends on the size of the clusters. Bimetallic nano clusters have gained significant interest due to their specific and matchless structural, optical, electronic, and magnetic properties and their significance in nano technology and catalysis. Full range of bimetallic silver-yttrium AgnYm cluster of low nuclearity (n + m = 2-10) are studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at TPSSTPSS method with a Lanl2dz pseudopotential. The results for various properties including structural, ionization potential adiabetic, electron affinity, binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, average bond length, total energy, bond dissociation energy and 2nd order difference energy are evaluated as function of (n+m) size of the system. Moreover, the results for these bimetallic clusters are compared with pure silver and yttrium clusters. Different spin multiplicities of each cluster are also studied to locate the low energy structures. Cluster with higher nuclearity (n + m ≥7) favors three dimensional structure where clusters with low nuclearity (m + n ≤6) except (n + m = 5) favor two dimensional structure. Ag6 cluster also preferred planar 2D configuration. All pure silver clusters are more stable in low spin multiplicity, while pure yttrium clusters are more stable in higher spin multiplicity. Multiple bimetallic silver yttrium clusters have stability at varying spin state. Based on binding energy values the pure yttrium clusters are more stable than pure silver and bimetallic clusters. Density functional theory calculations have also been performed on pure silver (Agn), yttrium (Ym) and bimetallic silver yttrium clusters AgnYm (n+m = 2-10) for reactivity descriptors in order to find active sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The results illustrates that atoms in a stable ground state in a geometry can be categorized into different types of reactive sites. The reactivity of numerous sites as a function of cluster size and shape was thus investigated. The investigation reveals that the sizes and shapes of the pure silver, yttrium and bimetallic silver yttrium cluster (n = 2-10) influence the number and position of active sites for an electrophilic and/or nucleophilic attack. Doping of pure clusters with the other elements also influences the hardness, softness and chemical reactivity of the clusters. The softness increases as we increase the number of silver atoms in the cluster, whereas the hardness decreases. The chemical reactivity increases with silver doping whereas it decreases by yttrium doping. Silver atoms are nucleophilic in small clusters whereas, in large clusters, silver atoms are electrophilic in nature. The research here is designed at the investigation of new bimetallic clusters with distinctive electronic properties. These distinctive electronic properties comfort in finding new applications in electronic devices. Furthermore, these silver yttrium bimetallic clusters are expected to have improved catalytic activity which will assist industrial processes.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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