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جواں جذبوں اور امکانات کا شاعر

جواں جذبوں اور امکانات کا شاعر
ڈاکٹر رحمت علی شادؔ
جینے کے ڈھنگ تیری جدائی سکھا گئی
اور یاد تیری مجھ کو ہے شاعر بنا گئی
شہرِ فرید میں جنم لینے والے ڈاکٹر فہد ملک ایک خوش اخلاق،خوش لباس، خوش اطوار اور خوبرو نوجوان ہیں۔ جن کی پہچان کے دو بڑے حوالے ہیں۔ ایک یہ کہ وہ ایک فرض شناس میڈیکل ڈاکٹر ہیںاور دوسرا معتبر حوالہ یہ بھی ہے کہ وہ پاک پتن کے ابھرتے ہوئے ایک عمدہ لب و لہجے کے نووارد شاعر ہیں۔ شہرِ فرید کی ادبی روایت میں ایک خوش گوار اضافہ ثابت ہونے والے فہد ملک کے کلام میں فنی و فکری ہر دو طرح کی جھلکیاں بخوبی دیکھی جاسکتی ہیں۔
ڈاکٹر فہد ملک کی شاعری میں سادگی اور سلاست کا نصر نمایاں ہے۔ وہ کبھی لفاظی ،ثقیل اور بھاری بھرکم تراکیب کے چکر میں نہیں پڑتے ان کو جو بات کہنا ہوتی ہے بڑے سادہ اور موثر انداز میں کہہ دیتے ہیں۔ انھوں نے غزل کے ساتھ نظم بھی لکھی ہے جہاں انھوں نے نہ صرف خیال اور موضوع کو بہتر انداز میں بیان کیا ہے بل کہ عام فہم استعارات و تشبیہات ،اضافتیں، اشارے کنایے اور روایتی علامات بھی استعمال کی ہیں۔ ان کے خیالات منفرد اور لہجہ زود فہم ہے۔ وہ کوئی بھی خیال پیش کرتے ہیں تو اس کو الجھاتے نہیں۔بل کہ کھول کر بیان کر دیتے ہیں۔کسی بھی شاعر کے کلام میں سہلِ ممتنع کا استعمال ایک عمدہ خوبی سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ کیوں کہ بڑے بڑے موضوعات اور بڑی بڑی باتوں کو چند موزوں الفاظ میں بیان کر دینا کوئی آسان بات نہیں۔ چھوٹے چھوٹے مصرعوں میں ایک مکمل اور بھرپور مضمون کو بیان کرنا غیر معمولی بات ہے۔ فہد ملک کی شاعری میں بھی سہلِ ممتنع کی متعدد مثالیں موجود ہیں۔ سہلِ ممتنع کا انداز لیے...

A Critique of Robert Spencer’s Views Regarding Dhimmis and Jizya

The following research paper is an academic and historical study of Robert  Spencer’s views about Dhimmis and Jizya. According to Robert Spencer, dhimmis are treated like ‘guilty’ people and subjected to biased and stringent conditions. Furthermore, he believes that there is an entire system of regulations that institutionalize an inferior status for non-Muslims in Islamic law. This paper is an academic effort, aiming to prove that Islam does not treat non-Muslim citizens as inferior and second class citizens nor imposes unbearably rigorous taxes on them. It consists of two parts: the first deals with Robert Spencer’s views regarding Dhimmis and the second part takes into account his views about Jizya. In this connection, all his views and allegations have been taken into consideration and an attempt has been made to absolve Islam of such groundless allegations.

Pre and Postharvest Management to Improve Yield and Quality of Kinnow Mandarin

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in Pakistan. Kinnow mandarin is the leading citrus cultivar of Pakistan. The yield is lower as compared to other advanced citrus producing countries. Poor tree health and nutritional deficiencies are the major causes of lower yield. Poor management practices before and after harvesting cause serious problems regarding the yield and quality of Kinnow. Heavy losses can occur due to poor pre and postharvest management. To overcome these problems, different experiments were planned and executed. The study was divided into three subcategories such as study 1, study 2 (preharvest) and study 3 (postharvest).In 1st two studies foliar sprays of calcium chloride, zinc sulphate, gibberellic acid and salicylic acid were applied on the Kinnow trees, four months before fruit harvest to check their effects on preharvest fruit drop and other fruit quality related parameters. In third study, two experiments were conducted to optimize the doses of salicylic acid (2, 3 and 4 mM) and calcium chloride (2, 3 and 4%) as pre-storage treatments to increase the storage life and maintain the fruit quality during cold storage at 5ºC. The results showed that 0.5% calcium chloride was found best to minimize the preharvest fruit drop (16.48%) as compared to control where preharvest fruit drop was 49.70%. Maximum yield (110.03 kg per tree), fruit weight (264.29 g), juice weight (51.53%), TSS (13.13 ºbrix), ascorbic acid contents (43.84 mg100 g-1)), total sugars (16.98%), reducing sugars (6.23%), phenolic contents (341.82 mg GAE100g-1), total antioxidants (91.14% inhibition) were also noted from the fruit of same treatment. Among the zinc sulphate doses 0.6% zinc sulphate exhibited the lowest preharvest fruit drop (10.08%) and maximum yield (120.89 kg) with maximum juice weight (42.23%) and higher TSS (9.50 ºbrix), total sugars (17.37%), reducing sugars (5.99%), ascorbic acid contents (35.46 mg 100g-1), total antioxidants (53.25 %inhibition) and total phenolics (205.33 mg GAE100g-1). Gibberellic acid (30 mgL1) performed best to minimize the preharvest fruit drop (11.82%) and improve the yield up to 1015.77 kg with good eating quality parameters.Salicylic acid of 4mM exhibited best results to reduce the preharvest fruit drop (26.16%) andmaximize the yield (195.26 kg), fruit weight (232.55 g),juice weight (50.94%), TSS (13.47 ºbrix), total sugars (14.96%), reducing sugars (5.84%) and ascorbic acid contents (47.66 mg 100g-1).The results of postharvest treatments (study 3) indicated that 3mM salicylic acid was performed best to minimize the weight loss from 15.46 to 8.52% and to reduce the fruit rot from 16.12 to 1.40% with higher values of juice weight (48.16%), ascorbic acid contents (42.19 mg 100 g-1), total phenolic contents (207.10 mg GAE 100 g-1), total antioxidants (64.95 % inhibition) after storage. The antioxidative enzyme such as CAT (22.76 U mg-1protein), POD (0.63 U mg-1protein) and SOD (124.54 U mg-1protein) activity were greater at higher dose treatment (4mM SA) after 90 days storage. Moreover, 4% calcium chloride played a very effective role in controlling the weight loss from 14.59 to 7.39% and reducing the decay percentage from 11.68 to 1.33%, Maximum TSS (9.41 ºbrix), TA (1.66%), ascorbic acid contents (50.95 mg 100g-1), sugars [total sugars (14.90%) and reducing sugars (8.32%)] were also more atsame treatment. However, 3% calcium chloride treatment showed best results in juice weight (53.24%) total phenolic (63.17 mg GAE 100 g-1), total antioxidants (218.44 % inhibition), and fruit quality enzymes [(CAT (25.66 U mg-1 protein), POD (0.55 U mg-1 protein) and SOD (128.26 U mg-1 protein). It was concluded that preharvest fruit drop can be minimized with maximum quality related attributes by the foliar spray of 0.5% calcium chloride, 0.6% zinc sulphate, 30 mgL-1 gibberellic acid and 4 mM salicylic acid when applied on Kinnow trees four month before fruit harvest. Moreover, treatments of 3, 4 % calcium chloride and 3 mM salicylic acid before storage is best to maintain the quality related parameters of Kinnow fruit during 90 days storage at 5ºC
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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